Radioactive Tracers in Biology

ContentsPreface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Chapter I . Atomic Nuclei, Radioactivity, and the Production of Radioactive Isotopes 1. Introductory Remarks 2. General Properties of Atomic Nuclei A. Nuclear Terminology B. Systematics of Nuclei C. Radioactivity 3. Nuclear Reactions 4. Neutron-Induced Transmutations A. General Remarks B. Neutron Sources C. Neutron Reactions 5. Deuteron-Induced Transmutations A. General Remarks B. Deuteron Reactions 6. Target Techniques and Radiochemistry A. Target Chemistry B. Specific Activity and Atomic Per Cent Excess C. Separation of Isotopes by the Szilard-Chalmers Process D. Survey of Radio Chemistry Chapter II. Radiation Characteristics of Tracer Atoms 1. Introduction 2. β Radiations A. The Nature of β Radiations B. The Absorption of β Particles C. Remarks on Scattering of β Particles 3 . ɤ Radiations A. Nature of ɤ Radiation B. Interaction of ɤ Radiation with MatterChapter III. Procedures for Radioactive Assay 1. Basic Phenomena 2. Basic Instruments A. General Remarks B. Internal Amplification Mechanism—The G-M Tube C. Amplification Mechanism External to Ionization Chambers D. Construction and Operation of G-M Tube Counters E. Corrections in Radioactive Assay with G-M Tube Counters F. Statistical Aspects of Radioactive Assay G. Standards and Radioactive Assay and Determination of Tracer Intensity 3. Visualization Techniques A. Introduction B. General Remarks on the Radioautograph C. Experimental Procedures Chapter IV. Radiation Hazards 1. General Remarks 2. Health Physics Instrumentation 3. Dosage Calculations 4. Shielding Chapter V. Survey of Tracer Methodology: Biochemical Aspects 1. The Significance of Tracer Methods for Biology 2. Biochemical Applications A. Studies in Intermediary Metabolism B. Concluding Remarks Chapter VI. Survey of Tracer Methodology: Physiological and Medical Aspects 1. Introduction 2. Physiological Applications A. Permeability, Absorption, and Distribution Studies B. Determination of Intercellular and Extracellular Space by Isotope Dilution Techniques C. Transport Studies 3. Applications to Clinical Research A. Determination of Circulation Time: Capillary Transport B. Uptake, Retention, and Excretion, Particularly in Relation to Extension of Radiation Therapy and Diagnosis C. Applications in Hematology and Immunology Chapter VII. Radioactive Hydrogen (Tritium, H³) 1. Preparation and Properties 2. Assay of Tritium 3. Tritium as a Tracer for Hydrogen 4. Tritium as an Auxiliary Tracer for Carbon 5. Use of Tritium in Clinical Research with Remarks on Incidental Radiation Hazards Chapter VIII. Short-Lived Radioactive Carbon (C11) 1. Preparation and Properties 2. Assay of C11 3. C11 as a Tracer Isotope 4. The Use of C11 in Tracer Experiments A. Special Syntheses Involving C11 B. Tracer Researches with C11Chapter IX. Long-Lived Radioactive Carbon (C14) 1. Preparation and Properties 2. Assay of C14 3. Applications of C14 as a Tracer for Carbon 4. Synthesis of Organic Intermediates for Tracer Carbon Studies 5. Biosynthesis of Labeled Carbon Compounds A. Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates and Organic Acids from C02 B. Biosyntheses of Higher Fatty Acids C. Biosyntheses of Other Compounds 6. Degradation Methods 7. Radiation Hazards 8. Concluding Remarks and Preamble to Succeeding Chapters Chapter X. Radioactive Phosphorus (P32) 1. Production, Preparation, and Assay 2. The Use of P32 as a Tracer A. General Remarks B. Absorption and Excretion of Phosphorus C. Transport of Phosphorus in Plants D. Metabolism of Phosphorus Compounds Chapter XI. Radioactive Sulfur (S35) 1. Preparation, Properties, and Assay 2. Tracer Application of S35 A. Biological Conversion Studies B. Distribution and Excretion Studies C. Synthesis of S35-Labeled Compounds D. Protein Turnover in Vivo and in Vitro E. Reversibility of Cysteine and Cystine Decomposition Chapter XII. Alkali Metal and Alkaline Earth Tracers 1. General Survey of Alkali Metal Tracers 2. Preparation, Properties, and Assay A. Radioactive Sodium B. Radioactive Potassium 3. The Alkaline Earth Tracers—Calcium and Strontium Chapter XIII. Tracer Isotopes of Halogens 1. Fluorine 2. Chlorine 3. Bromine 4. Iodine Chapter XIV. Various Radioactive Isotopes of Importance in Biology 1. Manganese 2. Iron A. Tracer Researches B. Tracer Isotopes 3. Cobalt 4. Copper 5. Zinc 6. Molybdenum 7. Arsenic 8. Selenium, Antimony, and Tellurium 9. Silver, Gold, and Mercury 10. Concluding Remarks Appendix 1. General Bibliography 2. Radioactivity Units and Standards 3. Some Typical Working Rules for Radiochemistry Laboratory 4. Radioactive Nuclides of Interest in Biological Tracer Research 5. National Bureau of Standards Radium E Beta Standards and Their Application to Analysis of P32 and I31Author Index Subject Index