Bladder Cancer

Chapter 1. Epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology

1-1. Epidemiology

1-2. Etiology (risk factors)
  1-2-1. Smoking
  1-2-2. Occupational exposure to chemicals
  1-2-3. Treatment related factors (radiation therapy, chemotherapy)
  1-2-4. Dietary factors
  1-2-5. Chronic urinary tract infection
  1-2-6. Gender
  1-2-7. Genetic factors

1-3. Pathophysiology
Chapter 2. Diagnosis

2-1. Symptoms

2-2. Physical examination

2-3. Urine cytology and urinary biomarkers

2-4. Cystoscopy

2-5. Imaging studies

2-6. Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURB)

2-7. Bladder and prostatic urethra biopsies

2-8. Fluorescence cystoscopy

2-9. Second resection
Chapter 3. Pathology and staging

3-1. Histological classification of bladder tumors
  3-1-1. WHO classification of urothelial cell neoplasms
  3-1-2. Non-urothelial neoplasms of the bladder

3-2. Tumor, Nodes, Metastases (TNM) classification system for bladder cancer
Chapter 4. Treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)
 4-1. Risk factors for recurrence and progression
 4-2. Treatment for TaT1 tumors
 4-3. Treatment for Carcinoma in situ

 4-4. Treatment for T1G3 tumor
 4-5. Intravesical chemotherapy
   4-5-1. Single, immediate, post-operative intravesical chemotherapy
   4-5-2. Additional adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy
   4-5-3. Optimizing intravesical chemotherapy

4-6. Intravesical BCG immunotherapy
   4-6-1. Indications for BCG
   4-6-2. Optimal BCG schedule
   4-6-3. Optimal dose of BCG
   4-6-4. BCG toxicity

4-7. Treatment of failure of intravesical therapy
   4-7-1. Failure of intravesical chemotherapy
   4-7-2. Failure of intravesical BCG immunotherapy
Chapter 5. Treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)
  5-1. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
  5-2. Radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversion
    5-2-1. Timing of radical cystectomy
    5-2-2. Indications
    5-2-3. Open techniques and extent (including pelvic lymphadenectomy)
      5-2-4. Laparoscopic/Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy
      5-2-3. Methods for urinary diversion (ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder)
      5-2-4. Morbidity, mortality and survival for RC
   5-3. Bladder sparing treatments
      5-3-1. Radical TURB
      5-3-2. External beam radiotherapy
      5-3-3. Partial cystectomy
      5-3-4. Chemotherapy
      5-3-5. Multimodality treatment
   5-4. Adjuvant chemotherapy
Chapter 6. Chemotherapy for metastatic disease
Chapter 7. Follow-up (surveillance)
   6-1. Surveillance for NMIBC
   6-2. Surveillance for MIBC
   6-3. Novel and emerging surveillance markers for bladder cancer